System and methods for clinical effects mapping for directional stimulation leads

ABSTRACT

A method includes displaying, on a display coupled to a computer processor, a two-dimensional representation of an arrangement of electrodes of a lead having one or more segmented electrodes; displaying, by the computer processor and on the display, a three-dimensional clinical effects map with two of the dimensions of the clinical effects map corresponding to the two-dimensional representation of the arrangement of the electrode and a third dimension corresponding to a stimulation parameter; and displaying, by the computer processor and on the display, at least one marking on the clinical effects map. Each marking represents a stimulation instance and is displayed at a position corresponding to the electrode used for stimulation in the stimulation instance and a value of the stimulation parameter used for stimulation in the stimulation instance. Each marking has a graphical characteristic representing a therapeutic effect or a side-effect resulting from the stimulation instance.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/239,654, filed Oct. 9, 2015, which is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD

The invention is directed to the area of electrical stimulation systems and leads and methods of making and using the systems and leads. The present invention is also directed to systems and methods for mapping clinical effects for directional electrical stimulation leads, as well as methods of making and using systems.

BACKGROUND

Electrical stimulation can be useful for treating a variety of conditions. Deep brain stimulation can be useful for treating, for example, Parkinson's disease, dystonia, essential tremor, chronic pain, Huntington's disease, levodopa-induced dyskinesias and rigidity, bradykinesia, epilepsy and seizures, eating disorders, and mood disorders. Typically, a lead with a stimulating electrode at or near a tip of the lead provides the stimulation to target neurons in the brain. Magnetic resonance imaging (“MRI”) or computerized tomography (“CT”) scans can provide a starting point for determining where the stimulating electrode should be positioned to provide the desired stimulus to the target neurons.

After the lead is implanted into a patient's brain, electrical stimulus current can be delivered through selected electrodes on the lead to stimulate target neurons in the brain. Typically, the electrodes are formed into rings disposed on a distal portion of the lead. The stimulus current projects from the ring electrodes equally in every direction. Because of the ring shape of these electrodes, the stimulus current cannot be directed to one or more specific positions around the ring electrode (e.g., on one or more sides, or points, around the lead). Consequently, undirected stimulation may result in unwanted stimulation of neighboring neural tissue, potentially resulting in undesired side effects.

BRIEF SUMMARY

One embodiment is a computer-implemented method including displaying, by a computer processor and on a display coupled to the computer processor, a two-dimensional representation of an arrangement of electrodes of a lead having one or more segmented electrodes; displaying, by the computer processor and on the display, a three-dimensional clinical effects map with two of the dimensions of the clinical effects map corresponding to the two-dimensional representation of the arrangement of the electrode and a third dimension corresponding to a stimulation parameter; and displaying, by the computer processor and on the display, at least one marking on the clinical effects map. Each marking represents a stimulation instance and is displayed at a position corresponding to the electrode used for stimulation in the stimulation instance and a value of the stimulation parameter used for stimulation in the stimulation instance. Each marking has a graphical characteristic representing a therapeutic effect or a side-effect resulting from the stimulation instance.

In at least some embodiments, the method further includes selecting a one of the at least one marking; and delivering, by the processor, electrical stimulation parameters corresponding to the one of the at least one marking to an electrical stimulation system for delivery of electrical stimulation to a patient using the stimulation parameters. In at least some embodiments, delivering electrical stimulation parameters includes delivering, to the electrical stimulation system, an identification of the electrode associated with the one of the at least one marking and the value of the stimulation parameter associated with the one of the at least one marking.

In at least some embodiments, the stimulation parameter to which the third dimension corresponds is stimulation amplitude. In at least some embodiments, the graphical characteristic is selected from color or cross-hatching. In at least some embodiments, displaying at least one marking includes displaying the at least one marking with a further graphical characteristic representing a score or rating of the therapeutic effect or the side-effect resulting from the stimulation instance. In at least some embodiments, the further graphical characteristic is selected from color, shade, intensity, saturation, cross-hatching, or texture.

In at least some embodiments, displaying at least one marking includes displaying at least one of the at least one marking with a first graphical characteristic representing a first therapeutic effect resulting from the stimulation instance and a second graphical characteristic representing a first side-effect resulting from the stimulation instance. In at least some embodiments, the first graphical characteristic is associated with a surface of the marking and the second graphical characteristic is associated with a perimeter ring of the marking. In at least some embodiments, displaying at least one marking includes displaying a plurality of markings associated with one of the electrodes of the lead in a column.

In at least some embodiments, the method further includes selecting a one of the electrodes in the two-dimensional representation and highlighting all of the at least one markings associated with the selected electrode. In at least some embodiments, the method further includes displaying, by the computer processor and on the display, a three-dimensional representation of the arrangement of the electrodes of the lead separate from, and simultaneously with, the clinical effects map and two-dimensional representation. In at least some embodiments, the method further includes selecting a one of the electrodes in the three-dimensional representation and highlighting all of the at least one markings associated with the selected electrode and highlighting the selected electrode in the two-dimensional representation. In at least some embodiments, the method further includes selecting a one of the electrodes in the two-dimensional representation and highlighting all of the at least one markings associated with the selected electrode and highlighting the selected electrode in the three-dimensional representation. In at least some embodiments, the method further includes selecting a one of the at least one marking and highlighting the one of the at least one marking and the electrode, in the two-dimensional representation, associated with the selected one of the at least one marking.

Another embodiment is a system for mapping clinical effects of electrical stimulation, the system including a display and a computer processor coupled to the display and configured and arranged to perform the following actions: display, on the display, a two-dimensional representation of an arrangement of electrodes of a lead having one or more segmented electrodes; display, on the display, a three-dimensional clinical effects map with two of the dimensions of the clinical effects map corresponding to the two-dimensional representation of the arrangement of the electrode and a third dimension corresponding to a stimulation parameter; and display, on the display, at least one marking on the clinical effects map. Each marking represents a stimulation instance and is displayed at a position corresponding to the electrode used for stimulation in the stimulation instance and a value of the stimulation parameter used for stimulation in the stimulation instance. Each marking has a graphical characteristic representing a therapeutic effect or a side-effect resulting from the stimulation instance.

In at least some embodiments, the actions further include receive a selection of a one of the at least one marking; and transmit electrical stimulation parameters corresponding to the one of the at least one marking to an electrical stimulation system for delivery of electrical stimulation to a patient using the stimulation parameters. In at least some embodiments, the actions further include display, on the display, a three-dimensional representation of the arrangement of the electrodes of the lead separate from, and simultaneously with, the clinical effects map and two-dimensional representation.

Yet another embodiment is a non-transitory computer-readable medium having processor-executable instructions for mapping clinical effects of electrical stimulation, the processor-executable instructions when installed onto a device enable the device to perform actions, including: display, on a display coupled to the computer processor, a two-dimensional representation of an arrangement of electrodes of a lead having one or more segmented electrodes; display, on the display, a three-dimensional clinical effects map with two of the dimensions of the clinical effects map corresponding to the two-dimensional representation of the arrangement of the electrode and a third dimension corresponding to a stimulation parameter; and display, on the display, at least one marking on the clinical effects map. Each marking represents a stimulation instance and is displayed at a position corresponding to the electrode used for stimulation in the stimulation instance and a value of the stimulation parameter used for stimulation in the stimulation instance. Each marking has a graphical characteristic representing a therapeutic effect or a side-effect resulting from the stimulation instance.

In at least some embodiments, the actions further include receive a selection of a one of the at least one marking; and transmit electrical stimulation parameters corresponding to the one of the at least one marking to an electrical stimulation system for delivery of electrical stimulation to a patient using the stimulation parameters.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Non-limiting and non-exhaustive embodiments of the present invention are described with reference to the following drawings. In the drawings, like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the various figures unless otherwise specified.

For a better understanding of the present invention, reference will be made to the following Detailed Description, which is to be read in association with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a schematic side view of one embodiment of a device for brain stimulation, according to the invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of radial current steering along various electrode levels along the length of a lead, according to the invention;

FIG. 3A is a perspective view of an embodiment of a portion of a lead having a plurality of segmented electrodes, according to the invention;

FIG. 3B is a perspective view of a second embodiment of a portion of a lead having a plurality of segmented electrodes, according to the invention;

FIG. 3C is a perspective view of a third embodiment of a portion of a lead having a plurality of segmented electrodes, according to the invention;

FIG. 3D is a perspective view of a fourth embodiment of a portion of a lead having a plurality of segmented electrodes, according to the invention;

FIG. 3E is a perspective view of a fifth embodiment of a portion of a lead having a plurality of segmented electrodes, according to the invention;

FIG. 3F is a perspective view of a sixth embodiment of a portion of a lead having a plurality of segmented electrodes, according to the invention;

FIG. 3G is a perspective view of a seventh embodiment of a portion of a lead having a plurality of segmented electrodes, according to the invention;

FIG. 3H is a perspective view of an eighth embodiment of a portion of a lead having a plurality of segmented electrodes, according to the invention;

FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of one embodiment of a two-dimensional representation of the electrodes of the lead of FIG. 3G, according to the invention;

FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of one embodiment of a clinical effects map using the two-dimensional representation of FIG. 4, according to the invention;

FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of the clinical effects map of FIG. 5 with one electrode and corresponding column of markings highlighted, according to the invention;

FIG. 7A is a schematic illustration of the clinical effects map of FIG. 5 with one marking and the corresponding electrode highlighted, according to the invention;

FIG. 7B is a schematic illustration of the clinical effects map of FIG. 5 with a shadow extending between a selected marking and the corresponding electrode, according to the invention;

FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of another embodiment of a clinical effects map using the two-dimensional representation of FIG. 4, according to the invention;

FIG. 9 is a schematic illustration of one embodiment of a user interface incorporating the clinical effects map of FIG. 5, according to the invention; and

FIG. 10 is a schematic illustration of one embodiment of a system for practicing the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The invention is directed to the area of electrical stimulation systems and leads and methods of making and using the systems and leads. The present invention is also directed to electrical stimulation leads with segmented electrodes formed from pre-electrodes with exterior depressions or apertures, as well as methods of making and using the segmented electrodes, leads, and electrical stimulation systems.

A lead for deep brain stimulation can include stimulation electrodes, recording electrodes, or a combination of both. At least some of the stimulation electrodes, recording electrodes, or both are provided in the form of segmented electrodes that extend only partially around the circumference of the lead. These segmented electrodes can be provided in sets of electrodes, with each set having electrodes radially distributed about the lead at a particular longitudinal position. For illustrative purposes, the leads are described herein relative to use for deep brain stimulation, but it will be understood that any of the leads can be used for applications other than deep brain stimulation, including spinal cord stimulation, peripheral nerve stimulation, or stimulation of other nerves and tissues.

Suitable implantable electrical stimulation systems include, but are not limited to, a least one lead with one or more electrodes disposed on a distal end of the lead and one or more terminals disposed on one or more proximal ends of the lead. Leads include, for example, percutaneous leads. Examples of electrical stimulation systems with leads are found in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,181,969; 6,516,227; 6,609,029; 6,609,032; 6,741,892; 7,244,150; 7,450,997; 7,672,734; 7,761,165; 7,783,359; 7,792,590; 7,809,446; 7,949,395; 7,974,706; 8,175,710; 8,224,450; 8,271,094; 8,295,944; 8,364,278; 8,391,985; and 8,688,235; and U.S. Patent Applications Publication Nos. 2007/0150036; 2009/0187222; 2009/0276021; 2010/0076535; 2010/0268298; 2011/0005069; 2011/0004267; 2011/0078900; 2011/0130817; 2011/0130818; 2011/0238129; 2011/0313500; 2012/0016378; 2012/0046710; 2012/0071949; 2012/0165911; 2012/0197375; 2012/0203316; 2012/0203320; 2012/0203321; 2012/0316615; 2013/0105071; and 2013/0197602, all of which are incorporated by reference.

In at least some embodiments, a practitioner may determine the position of the target neurons using recording electrode(s) and then position the stimulation electrode(s) accordingly. In some embodiments, the same electrodes can be used for both recording and stimulation. In some embodiments, separate leads can be used; one with recording electrodes which identify target neurons, and a second lead with stimulation electrodes that replaces the first after target neuron identification. In some embodiments, the same lead can include both recording electrodes and stimulation electrodes or electrodes can be used for both recording and stimulation.

FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of a device 100 for electrical stimulation (for example, brain or spinal cord stimulation). The device includes a lead 110, a plurality of electrodes 125 disposed at least partially about a circumference of the lead 110, a plurality of terminals 135, a connector 132 for connection of the electrodes to a control module, and a stylet 140 for assisting in insertion and positioning of the lead in the patient's brain. The stylet 140 can be made of a rigid material. Examples of suitable materials for the stylet include, but are not limited to, tungsten, stainless steel, and plastic. The stylet 140 may have a handle 150 to assist insertion into the lead 110, as well as rotation of the stylet 140 and lead 110. The connector 132 fits over a proximal end of the lead 110, preferably after removal of the stylet 140. The connector 132 can be part of a control module 133 or can be part of an optional lead extension 131 that is coupled to the control module.

The control module 133 can be an implantable pulse generator that can be implanted into a patient's body, for example, below the patient's clavicle area. The control module can have eight stimulation channels which may be independently programmable to control the magnitude of the current stimulus from each channel. In some cases the control module can have more or fewer than eight stimulation channels (e.g., 4-, 6-, 16-, 32-, or more stimulation channels). The control module can have one, two, three, four, or more connector ports, for receiving the plurality of terminals 135 at the proximal end of the lead 110. Examples of control modules are described in the references cited above.

In one example of operation, access to the desired position in the brain can be accomplished by drilling a hole in the patient's skull or cranium with a cranial drill (commonly referred to as a burr), and coagulating and incising the dura mater, or brain covering. The lead 110 can be inserted into the cranium and brain tissue with the assistance of the stylet 140. The lead 110 can be guided to the target location within the brain using, for example, a stereotactic frame and a microdrive motor system. In some embodiments, the microdrive motor system can be fully or partially automatic. The microdrive motor system may be configured to perform one or more the following actions (alone or in combination): insert the lead 110, retract the lead 110, or rotate the lead 110.

In some embodiments, measurement devices coupled to the muscles or other tissues stimulated by the target neurons, or a unit responsive to the patient or clinician, can be coupled to the control module or microdrive motor system. The measurement device, user, or clinician can indicate a response by the target muscles or other tissues to the stimulation or recording electrode(s) to further identify the target neurons and facilitate positioning of the stimulation electrode(s). For example, if the target neurons are directed to a muscle experiencing tremors, a measurement device can be used to observe the muscle and indicate changes in tremor frequency or amplitude in response to stimulation of neurons. Alternatively, the patient or clinician can observe the muscle and provide feedback.

The lead 110 for deep brain stimulation can include stimulation electrodes, recording electrodes, or both. In at least some embodiments, the lead 110 is rotatable so that the stimulation electrodes can be aligned with the target neurons after the neurons have been located using the recording electrodes.

Stimulation electrodes may be disposed on the circumference of the lead 110 to stimulate the target neurons. Stimulation electrodes may be ring-shaped so that current projects from each electrode equally in every direction from the position of the electrode along a length of the lead 110. Ring electrodes typically do not enable stimulus current to be directed from only a limited angular range around of the lead. Segmented electrodes, however, can be used to direct stimulation energy to a selected angular range around the lead. When segmented electrodes are used in conjunction with an implantable control module that delivers constant current stimulus, current steering can be achieved to more precisely deliver the stimulus to a position around an axis of the lead (i.e., radial positioning around the axis of the lead).

To achieve current steering, segmented electrodes can be utilized in addition to, or as an alternative to, ring electrodes. Though the following description discusses stimulation electrodes, it will be understood that all configurations of the stimulation electrodes discussed may be utilized in arranging recording electrodes as well. A lead that includes segmented electrodes can be referred to as a directional lead because the segmented electrodes can be used to direct stimulation along a particular direction or range of directions.

The lead 100 includes a lead body 110, one or more optional ring electrodes 120, and a plurality of sets of segmented electrodes 130. The lead body 110 can be formed of a biocompatible, non-conducting material such as, for example, a polymeric material. Suitable polymeric materials include, but are not limited to, silicone, polyurethane, polyurea, polyurethane-urea, polyethylene, or the like. Once implanted in the body, the lead 100 may be in contact with body tissue for extended periods of time. In at least some embodiments, the lead 100 has a cross-sectional diameter of no more than 1.5 mm and may be in the range of 0.5 to 1.5 mm. In at least some embodiments, the lead 100 has a length of at least 10 cm and the length of the lead 100 may be in the range of 10 to 70 cm.

The electrodes can be made using a metal, alloy, conductive oxide, or any other suitable conductive biocompatible material. Examples of suitable materials include, but are not limited to, platinum, platinum iridium alloy, iridium, titanium, tungsten, palladium, palladium rhodium, or the like. Preferably, the electrodes are made of a material that is biocompatible and does not substantially corrode under expected operating conditions in the operating environment for the expected duration of use.

Each of the electrodes can either be used or unused (OFF). When the electrode is used, the electrode can be used as an anode or cathode and carry anodic or cathodic current. In some instances, an electrode might be an anode for a period of time and a cathode for a period of time.

Stimulation electrodes in the form of ring electrodes 120 can be disposed on any part of the lead body 110, usually near a distal end of the lead 100. In FIG. 1, the lead 100 includes two ring electrodes 120. Any number of ring electrodes 120 can be disposed along the length of the lead body 110 including, for example, one, two three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen or more ring electrodes 120. It will be understood that any number of ring electrodes can be disposed along the length of the lead body 110. In some embodiments, the ring electrodes 120 are substantially cylindrical and wrap around the entire circumference of the lead body 110. In some embodiments, the outer diameters of the ring electrodes 120 are substantially equal to the outer diameter of the lead body 110. The length of the ring electrodes 120 may vary according to the desired treatment and the location of the target neurons. In some embodiments the length of the ring electrodes 120 are less than or equal to the diameters of the ring electrodes 120. In other embodiments, the lengths of the ring electrodes 120 are greater than the diameters of the ring electrodes 120. The distal-most ring electrode 120 may be a tip electrode (see, e.g., tip electrode 320 a of FIG. 3E) which covers most, or all, of the distal tip of the lead.

Deep brain stimulation leads may include one or more sets of segmented electrodes. Segmented electrodes may provide for superior current steering than ring electrodes because target structures in deep brain stimulation are not typically symmetric about the axis of the distal electrode array. Instead, a target may be located on one side of a plane running through the axis of the lead. Through the use of a radially segmented electrode array (“RSEA”), current steering can be performed not only along a length of the lead but also around a circumference of the lead. This provides precise three-dimensional targeting and delivery of the current stimulus to neural target tissue, while potentially avoiding stimulation of other tissue. Examples of leads with segmented electrodes include U.S. Patent Applications Publication Nos. 2010/0268298; 2011/0005069; 2011/0078900; 2011/0130803; 2011/0130816; 2011/0130817; 2011/0130818; 2011/0078900; 2011/0238129; 2011/0313500; 2012/0016378; 2012/0046710; 2012/0071949; 2012/0165911; 2012/197375; 2012/0203316; 2012/0203320; 2012/0203321; 2013/0197602; 2013/0261684; 2013/0325091; 2013/0317587; 2014/0039587; 2014/0353001; 2014/0358209; 2014/0358210; 2015/0018915; 2015/0021817; 2015/0045864; 2015/0021817; 2015/0066120; 2013/0197424; 2015/0151113; 2014/0358207; and U.S. Pat. No. 8,483,237, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Examples of leads with tip electrodes include at least some of the previously cited references, as well as U.S. Patent Applications Publication Nos. 2014/0296953 and 2014/0343647, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

The lead 100 is shown having a plurality of segmented electrodes 130. Any number of segmented electrodes 130 may be disposed on the lead body 110 including, for example, one, two three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen or more segmented electrodes 130. It will be understood that any number of segmented electrodes 130 may be disposed along the length of the lead body 110. A segmented electrode 130 typically extends only 75%, 67%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 33%, 25%, 20%, 17%, 15%, or less around the circumference of the lead.

The segmented electrodes 130 may be grouped into sets of segmented electrodes, where each set is disposed around a circumference of the lead 100 at a particular longitudinal portion of the lead 100. The lead 100 may have any number segmented electrodes 130 in a given set of segmented electrodes. The lead 100 may have one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, or more segmented electrodes 130 in a given set. In at least some embodiments, each set of segmented electrodes 130 of the lead 100 contains the same number of segmented electrodes 130. The segmented electrodes 130 disposed on the lead 100 may include a different number of electrodes than at least one other set of segmented electrodes 130 disposed on the lead 100.

The segmented electrodes 130 may vary in size and shape. In some embodiments, the segmented electrodes 130 are all of the same size, shape, diameter, width or area or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the segmented electrodes 130 of each circumferential set (or even all segmented electrodes disposed on the lead 100) may be identical in size and shape.

Each set of segmented electrodes 130 may be disposed around the circumference of the lead body 110 to form a substantially cylindrical shape around the lead body 110. The spacing between individual electrodes of a given set of the segmented electrodes may be the same, or different from, the spacing between individual electrodes of another set of segmented electrodes on the lead 100. In at least some embodiments, equal spaces, gaps or cutouts are disposed between each segmented electrode 130 around the circumference of the lead body 110. In other embodiments, the spaces, gaps or cutouts between the segmented electrodes 130 may differ in size or shape. In other embodiments, the spaces, gaps, or cutouts between segmented electrodes 130 may be uniform for a particular set of the segmented electrodes 130, or for all sets of the segmented electrodes 130. The sets of segmented electrodes 130 may be positioned in irregular or regular intervals along a length the lead body 110.

Conductor wires that attach to the ring electrodes 120 or segmented electrodes 130 extend along the lead body 110. These conductor wires may extend through the material of the lead 100 or along one or more lumens defined by the lead 100, or both. The conductor wires couple the electrodes 120, 130 to the terminals 135.

When the lead 100 includes both ring electrodes 120 and segmented electrodes 130, the ring electrodes 120 and the segmented electrodes 130 may be arranged in any suitable configuration. For example, when the lead 100 includes two ring electrodes 120 and two sets of segmented electrodes 130, the ring electrodes 120 can flank the two sets of segmented electrodes 130 (see e.g., FIGS. 1, 3A, and 3E-3H—ring electrodes 320 and segmented electrode 330). Alternately, the two sets of ring electrodes 120 can be disposed proximal to the two sets of segmented electrodes 130 (see e.g., FIG. 3C—ring electrodes 320 and segmented electrode 330), or the two sets of ring electrodes 120 can be disposed distal to the two sets of segmented electrodes 130 (see e.g., FIG. 3D—ring electrodes 320 and segmented electrode 330). One of the ring electrodes can be a tip electrode (see, tip electrode 320 a of FIGS. 3E and 3G). It will be understood that other configurations are possible as well (e.g., alternating ring and segmented electrodes, or the like).

By varying the location of the segmented electrodes 130, different coverage of the target neurons may be selected. For example, the electrode arrangement of FIG. 3C may be useful if the physician anticipates that the neural target will be closer to a distal tip of the lead body 110, while the electrode arrangement of FIG. 3D may be useful if the physician anticipates that the neural target will be closer to a proximal end of the lead body 110.

Any combination of ring electrodes 120 and segmented electrodes 130 may be disposed on the lead 100. For example, the lead may include a first ring electrode 120, two sets of segmented electrodes; each set formed of four segmented electrodes 130, and a final ring electrode 120 at the end of the lead. This configuration may simply be referred to as a 1-4-4-1 configuration (FIGS. 3A and 3E—ring electrodes 320 and segmented electrode 330). It may be useful to refer to the electrodes with this shorthand notation. Thus, the embodiment of FIG. 3C may be referred to as a 1-1-4-4 configuration, while the embodiment of FIG. 3D may be referred to as a 4-4-1-1 configuration. The embodiments of FIGS. 3F, 3G, and 3H can be referred to as a 1-3-3-1 configuration. Other electrode configurations include, for example, a 2-2-2-2 configuration, where four sets of segmented electrodes are disposed on the lead, and a 4-4 configuration, where two sets of segmented electrodes, each having four segmented electrodes 130 are disposed on the lead. The 1-3-3-1 electrode configuration of FIGS. 3F, 3G, and 3H has two sets of segmented electrodes, each set containing three electrodes disposed around the circumference of the lead, flanked by two ring electrodes (FIGS. 3F and 3H) or a ring electrode and a tip electrode (FIG. 3G). In some embodiments, the lead includes 16 electrodes. Possible configurations for a 16-electrode lead include, but are not limited to 4-4-4-4; 8-8; 3-3-3-3-3-1 (and all rearrangements of this configuration); and 2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram to illustrate radial current steering along various electrode levels along the length of the lead 200. While conventional lead configurations with ring electrodes are only able to steer current along the length of the lead (the z-axis), the segmented electrode configuration is capable of steering current in the x-axis, y-axis as well as the z-axis. Thus, the centroid of stimulation may be steered in any direction in the three-dimensional space surrounding the lead 200. In some embodiments, the radial distance, r, and the angle θ around the circumference of the lead 200 may be dictated by the percentage of anodic current (recognizing that stimulation predominantly occurs near the cathode, although strong anodes may cause stimulation as well) introduced to each electrode. In at least some embodiments, the configuration of anodes and cathodes along the segmented electrodes allows the centroid of stimulation to be shifted to a variety of different locations along the lead 200.

As can be appreciated from FIG. 2, the centroid of stimulation can be shifted at each level along the length of the lead 200. The use of multiple sets of segmented electrodes at different levels along the length of the lead allows for three-dimensional current steering. In some embodiments, the sets of segmented electrodes are shifted collectively (i.e., the centroid of simulation is similar at each level along the length of the lead). In at least some other embodiments, each set of segmented electrodes is controlled independently. Each set of segmented electrodes may contain two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight or more segmented electrodes. It will be understood that different stimulation profiles may be produced by varying the number of segmented electrodes at each level. For example, when each set of segmented electrodes includes only two segmented electrodes, uniformly distributed gaps (inability to stimulate selectively) may be formed in the stimulation profile. In some embodiments, at least three segmented electrodes 230 in a set are utilized to allow for true 360° selectivity.

As previously indicated, the foregoing configurations may also be used while utilizing recording electrodes. In some embodiments, measurement devices coupled to the muscles or other tissues stimulated by the target neurons or a unit responsive to the patient or clinician can be coupled to the control module or microdrive motor system. The measurement device, user, or clinician can indicate a response by the target muscles or other tissues to the stimulation or recording electrodes to further identify the target neurons and facilitate positioning of the stimulation electrodes. For example, if the target neurons are directed to a muscle experiencing tremors, a measurement device can be used to observe the muscle and indicate changes in tremor frequency or amplitude in response to stimulation of neurons. Alternatively, the patient or clinician may observe the muscle and provide feedback.

The reliability and durability of the lead will depend heavily on the design and method of manufacture. Fabrication techniques discussed below provide methods that can produce manufacturable and reliable leads.

Returning to FIG. 1, when the lead 100 includes a plurality of sets of segmented electrodes 130, it may be desirable to form the lead 100 such that corresponding electrodes of different sets of segmented electrodes 130 are radially aligned with one another along the length of the lead 100 (see e.g., the segmented electrodes 130 shown in FIG. 1). Radial alignment between corresponding electrodes of different sets of segmented electrodes 130 along the length of the lead 100 may reduce uncertainty as to the location or orientation between corresponding segmented electrodes of different sets of segmented electrodes. Accordingly, it may be beneficial to form electrode arrays such that corresponding electrodes of different sets of segmented electrodes along the length of the lead 100 are radially aligned with one another and do not radially shift in relation to one another during manufacturing of the lead 100.

In other embodiments, individual electrodes in the two sets of segmented electrodes 130 are staggered (see, FIG. 3B) relative to one another along the length of the lead body 110. In some cases, the staggered positioning of corresponding electrodes of different sets of segmented electrodes along the length of the lead 100 may be designed for a specific application.

Segmented electrodes can be used to tailor the stimulation region so that, instead of stimulating tissue around the circumference of the lead as would be achieved using a ring electrode, the stimulation region can be directionally targeted. In some instances, it is desirable to target a parallelepiped (or slab) region 250 that contains the electrodes of the lead 200, as illustrated in FIG. 2. One arrangement for directing a stimulation field into a parallelepiped region uses segmented electrodes disposed on opposite sides of a lead.

FIGS. 3A-3H illustrate leads 300 with segmented electrodes 330, optional ring electrodes 320 or tip electrodes 320 a, and a lead body 310. The sets of segmented electrodes 330 each include either two (FIG. 3B), three (FIGS. 3E-3H), or four (FIGS. 3A, 3C, and 3D) or any other number of segmented electrodes including, for example, three, five, six, or more. The sets of segmented electrodes 330 can be aligned with each other (FIGS. 3A-3G) or staggered (FIG. 3H)

Any other suitable arrangements of segmented electrodes can be used. As an example, arrangements in which segmented electrodes are arranged helically with respect to each other. One embodiment includes a double helix.

A treating physician typically would like to tailor the stimulation parameters (such as which one or more of the stimulating electrode contacts to use, the stimulation pulse amplitude (such as current or voltage amplitude depending on the stimulator being used,) the stimulation pulse width, the stimulation frequency, or the like or any combination thereof) for a particular patient to improve the effectiveness of the therapy. Electrical stimulation systems can provide an interface that facilitates parameter selections, Examples of such systems and interfaces can be found in, for example, U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 12/454,330; 12/454,312; 12/454,340; 12/454,3431; and 12/454,314 and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0277284, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

Electrical stimulation (such as deep brain or spinal cord stimulation) can include a programming procedure that is often performed in an initial session and, in at least some instances, at later sessions. The procedure can involve, for example, testing different sets of stimulation parameters (which can include variations in the electrodes that are selected as well as different electrical parameters such as amplitude, duration, pulse frequency, and the like) and annotating when there is a beneficial therapeutic effect or an unwanted side effect. In at least some embodiments, the clinician performs a monopolar review testing each electrode individually and recording therapeutic/beneficial effects and side effects for each electrode on the lead corresponding to different values of the stimulation amplitude or other stimulation parameters. The clinician may also perform bipolar or multipolar reviews using two or more electrodes.

U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0277284, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, illustrates a user interface of a programmer (for example, a clinician programmer, remote control, or any other suitable programming or computing device) that presents a clinical effects map where indications from, for example, a monopolar or bipolar review of the electrodes can be presented in graphical form for a lead having only ring electrodes. The effects are mapped on a two dimensional grid where one dimension represents the electrodes, which are arranged along the longitudinal axis of the lead, and the other dimension represents the stimulation amplitude.

When a directional lead (for example, a lead with segmented electrodes) is used a two-dimensional mapping may not be adequate to display clinical effects for each of the different electrodes. The directional lead allows for variation in stimulation in both the longitudinal direction (like a lead with only ring electrodes) and the circumferential direction.

In at least some embodiments, a clinical map for a directional lead is a three-dimensional map that utilizes two dimensions to identify the electrodes on the lead and a third dimension for a stimulation parameter, such as amplitude. For example, a three-dimensional map with x, y, and z axes can utilize two of those axes (for example, the x and y axes) to identify the electrodes of the lead and can correspond, for example, to the circumferential and longitudinal directions on the lead. The third axis (for example, the z axis) can represent a stimulation parameter, such as amplitude.

FIG. 4 is a two-dimensional representation 400 of the electrodes of the directional lead of FIG. 3G. The y-axis 402 corresponds to the longitudinal axis of the lead starting with the tip electrode 320 a at the bottom to the ring electrode 320 at the top with the two sets of segmented electrodes 330 in the middle. The x-axis 404 corresponds to the circumference of the lead beginning at one of the segmented electrodes 330 a and proceeding around the lead to the segmented electrode 330 b, 330 c. It will be understood that any of the other leads described herein, as well as other lead arrangements, can be presented in a similar two-dimensional arrangement. In at least some embodiments, the two-dimensional representation can be considered a flattened map of the portion of the directional lead in a manner similar to a two-dimension map of the world is a flattened representation of the world.

In at least some embodiments, the lead may have an orientation marker to indicate a rotational orientation of the lead. Examples of such markers or other orientation indicators can be found at, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,560,085; 8,744,596; 8,831,742; and 8,923,982 and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2009/0204192 and U.S. Provisional patent application Ser. No. 62/209,001, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. In at least some embodiments, the two-dimensional representation 400 of the electrodes may also include one or more optional markers 325 to indicate the rotational orientation of the electrodes in the two-dimensional representation. The one or more markers 325 can be similar in shape or size to marker(s) on the lead or may be different in shape or size still indicate the rotational orientation of the lead.

FIG. 5 illustrates one embodiment of a three-dimensional clinical effects map 500. The illustrated embodiment includes the two-dimensional representation 400 of FIG. 4 of the electrodes (including electrodes 320, 320 a, 330 a, 330 b, 330 c) of the directional lead of FIG. 3G and the optional marker 325. The illustrated embodiment includes three axes 502, 504, 506. The x-axis 502 corresponds to the longitudinal axis of the lead, the y-axis 504 corresponds to the circumferential direction of the lead, and the z-axis 506 represents a stimulation parameter, such as stimulation amplitude. It will be understood that the axes can be arranged differently. The two-dimensional representation 400 is provided with the map 500 to indicate to the user which electrode of the lead corresponds to the markings 510 on the map.

Clinical effects markings 510 can be placed on the map 500 based on entries by a user, such as a clinician or patient. Clinical effects markings 510 may also be based on information from other sources, such as a database. In at least some embodiments, the clinical effects markings 510 can be spheres as shown in the illustrated embodiment, but any other marking can be used including, but not limited to, circles, ovals, ellipsoids, squares, rectangles, cubes, parallelepipeds, triangles, pyramids, or the like. The position of each clinical effects marking 510 is based on the electrode used for the corresponding stimulation and the value of the stimulation parameter, such as stimulation amplitude, represented by the z-axis 506 in the illustrated embodiment.

In at least some embodiments, the clinical effects markings 510 corresponding to each individual electrode can form columns 512 disposed over that electrode in the two-dimensional representation 400. For examples, columns 512, 512 a, 512 b, 512 c, and 512 d corresponds to stimulation using electrodes 320, 330 a, 330 b, 330 c, and 320 a, respectively. As a further example, column 512 a includes clinical effects markings 510 a-510 d which correspond to stimulation using electrode 330 a at different values of the stimulation parameter represented by the z-axis 506.

In at least some embodiments, the clinical effects markings 510 can be different depending on whether the associated clinical effect is a beneficial effect or a side effect. For example, the color or pattern on the clinical effects marking 510 can be different for beneficial effects and side effects. Such differences may also be used to distinguish different beneficial effects or different side effects.

Alternatively or additionally, the markings 510 may include a ring 514 a and a surface 514 b. The ring 514 a may represent a side effect and the surface 514 b may represent a beneficial effect (or vice versa). The ring 514 a and the surface 514 b are preferably graphically demarcated from each other, for example, by use of different colors or hatching. In at least some embodiments, for those markings 510 for which there is only an associated side effect, the ring 514 a is displayed about an empty center region and, for those markers for which there is only a beneficial effect, the surface 514 b is displayed without any ring surrounding the surface (or with only a minimal ring or a ring of a different color). In other embodiments, the markings 510 can be divided into two parts (such as two hemispheres); one of which represents beneficial effects and the other represents side effects.

In at least some embodiments, a score, rating or other quantitative or qualitative designation may be assigned to the beneficial effect or side effect associated with the markings 510. The rating, score, or other designation may be based on any suitable rating scale (for example, the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS)). The rating, score, or other designation can be made by the clinician, patient, or any other suitable person and can be based on quantitative measurements, qualitative factors, or any combination thereof. In at least some embodiments, the rating, score, or other designation can be indicated in the clinical effects map 500 by variation in the markings 510 such as a variation in color, shade, intensity, saturation, cross-hatching, texture, or any other graphical characteristic of the markings. In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 5, markings 510 a, 510 b are darker than markings 510 c, 510 d which can indicate a difference in the rating, score, or other designation. For example, markings 510 a, 510 b may indicate a higher score for a beneficial effect than markings 510 c, 510 d or markings 510 a, 510 b may indicate a stronger side effect than markings 510 c, 510 d. It will be understood that dark markings could instead indicate a lower score or a weaker side effect. In some embodiments, a key (not shown) within or adjacent to the map 500 may be provided to indicate the variations in the marking and the corresponding rating, score, or other designation.

In at least some embodiments, a user of the interface can select one of the electrodes (for example, electrode 330 a) in the clinical effects map 500 and that electrode and the corresponding markings 510 (for example, markings 510 a-510 d) can be highlighted, as illustrated in FIG. 6. The highlighting can take the form of brightening, forming a perimeter of a different or brighter color (e.g., white or black), changes in cross-hatching or texture or any other graphical characteristic, or any other mechanism for distinguishing the highlighted electrode and markings from the other electrodes and markings. Additionally or alternatively, selecting the electrode can create a shadow that extends from the electrode through the markings associated with that electrode.

In at least some embodiments, a user of the programmer can select one of the markings (for example, marking 510 b) in the map 500 and the associated electrode (for example, electrode 330 a) and the marking can be highlighted, as illustrated in FIG. 7A. In other embodiments, only the marking 510 is highlighted. The highlighting can take the form of brightening, forming a perimeter of a different or brighter color (e.g., white or black), changes in cross-hatching or texture or any other graphical characteristic, or any other mechanism for distinguishing the highlighted electrode and markings from the other electrodes and markings. In some embodiments, a newly added (or the last added) marking 510 may be highlighted with or without the associated electrode.

In at least some embodiments, a user of the programmer can select one of the markings (for example, marking 510 b) in the map 500 and a shadow 511 or other graphical representation can connect the selected marking and the associated electrode (for example, electrode 330 a), as illustrated in FIG. 7B. The shadow 511 may extend only to the selected marking or may extend beyond the selected marking (as illustrated in FIG. 7B). Optionally, other markings related to the electrode may also be connected using the shadow 511 or other graphical marking. In some embodiments, the selected marking or the electrode or both may also be highlighted. The highlighting can take the form of brightening, forming a perimeter of a different or brighter color (e.g., white or black), changes in cross-hatching or texture or any other graphical characteristic, or any other mechanism for distinguishing the highlighted electrode and markings from the other electrodes and markings.

In at least some embodiments, the two-dimensional representation of the electrodes (or even just a representation of one or more of the electrodes) may be moved up or down with respect to the markings 512. This can facilitate identifying which markings correspond to which electrodes.

In at least some embodiments, designators 522 can be associated with each of the electrodes, as illustrated in FIG. 8. The designator 522 can be a number (as illustrated in FIG. 8), letter, symbol, color, cross-hatching, texture, or the like. The presence of a designator 522 may facilitate entry of data by providing a convenient mechanism for entry of the electrode to which the data is to be associated.

In at least some embodiments, additional markings can be extrapolated from the existing markings and added to the map 500. The embodiments described above include individual markings. In at least some embodiments, a surface can be illustrated on the map to indicate, for example, a surface with constant scores for one or more of the effects or side-effects. The surface may be extrapolated from entries provided by a user. There may be multiple surfaces or a contoured surface with contour lines indicating different scores. It will be understood that a composite score or composite surface or contoured surface can also be illustrated using information regarding multiple effects/side-effects.

Any of the features described above can be combined in any suitable combination. In addition, in at least some embodiments, the entire three-dimensional plot can be rotated about the axis 506. In at least some embodiments, the entire three-dimensional plot can be rotated about the other axes 502, 504 including allowing a top or bottom view of the map 500.

FIG. 9 illustrates one embodiment of a user interface 950 that can include a clinical effects map 500. It will be understood that a clinical effects map can be included in other user interfaces and that the one illustrated in FIG. 9 is just one example. The user interface 950 include a variety of other controls, displays, and information and any user interface 950 can include any subset of these controls, displays, and information and may include other elements as well. In at least some embodiments, the user interface 950 may also be useful for selecting stimulation parameters. The user interface 950 may include a model 952 of a portion of the lead containing electrodes 954. In at least some embodiments, the model 952 can be a three-dimensional model of the portion of the lead, as illustrated in FIG. 9. The electrodes 954 can include segmented electrodes 954 a, ring electrodes 954 b, or tip electrodes 954 c or any combination thereof. The electrode 954 can correspond to the electrodes in the two-dimensional representation 400 of the clinical effects map 500.

The model 952 optionally also includes a representation of the control module 956. The model 952 may also display information such as the polarity and amplitude for any of the electrodes being used for a particular electrical stimulation selected by the user. The user interface 950 can include one or more controls 958 for selecting the amplitude or polarity and one or more control 960 for selecting other stimulation parameters, such as pulse width, pulse rate, and the like. In the illustrated user interface 950, the user selects the electrode 954 and then controls 958 can be used to adjust the amplitude or polarity for that electrode. The user interface can also include controls 962 for rotating the amplitude around the lead; controls 964 for moving the amplitude longitudinally along the lead; or controls 966 for widening or narrowing the distribution of the amplitude; or any combination of these controls.

In at least some embodiments, if one of the electrodes 954 in the model 952 is selected, then the corresponding electrode in the two-dimensional representation 400 and, optionally, markings 510 associated with that electrode are highlighted. In at least some embodiments, if one of the electrodes 954 in the two-dimensional representation 400 is selected, then the corresponding electrode in the model 952 and, optionally, markings 510 associated with that electrode are highlighted. In at least some embodiments, if one of the markings 510 in the clinical effects map 500 is selected, then the corresponding electrode in the model 952 and in the two-dimensional representation is highlighted.

The user interface 950 can also include controls 968 by which the user can input information regarding beneficial effects. The controls 968 a provide for entry of a rating or score and the control 968 b provide for entry of the type of effect. In some embodiments, the types of effects can be user designated. In addition, there may be a control (labeled in FIG. 9 as “More . . . ”) for selection if none of the listed effects is applicable. The user interface 950 can also include controls 970 by which the user can input information regarding side-effects. The controls 970 a provide for entry of a rating or score and the control 970 b provide for entry of the type of side-effect. In some embodiments, the types of side-effects can be user designated. In addition, there may be a control (labeled in FIG. 9 as “More . . . ”) for selection if none of the listed side-effects is applicable. The user interface can also include a control 972 for entry of notes. In some embodiments, if a particular marking 510 is selected (or, in some embodiments, if the cursor hovers over or near the marking 510), then information regarding that marking will be displayed such as, rating/score, type of effect or side-effect, or any notes or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, selection of the “More . . . ” control will produce a menus listing additional therapeutic effects or side effects for which controls are not displayed on the main screen.

In at least some embodiments, the user interface may also allow the user to filter out one or more effects or side-effects so that those effects or side-effects are not illustrated in map 500 or to select one or more effects or side-effects so that only information regarding the selected effects or side-effects is illustrated in map 500. In at least some embodiments, the user interface may allow the user to filter based on score, for example, filter out information where the score for an effect or side-effect is below or above a specified threshold value. These features may be combined together to allow filtering by effect/side-effects and by score (including allowing filtering using different scores for different effects/side-effects) and used with any of the maps described above.

Examples of user interfaces in which the clinical effects map 500 can be incorporated can be found at U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0277284, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, which also discusses additional controls and functions and further details regarding the controls and functions described above.

FIG. 10 illustrates one embodiment of a system for practicing the invention. The system can include a computing device 1000 or any other similar device that includes a processor 1002 and a memory 1004, a display 1006, an input device 1008, and, optionally, the electrical stimulation system 1012.

The computing device 1000 can be a computer, tablet, mobile device, or any other suitable device for processing information and for presenting a user interface (such as user interface 900 of FIG. 9) or a clinical effects map (such as clinical effects map 500 of FIG. 5-8.) The computing device can be, for example, a programmer for the electrical stimulation system 1012. The computing device 1000 can be local to the user or can include components that are non-local to the computer including one or both of the processor 1002 or memory 1004 (or portions thereof). For example, in some embodiments, the user may operate a terminal that is connected to a non-local computing device. In other embodiments, the memory can be non-local to the user.

The computing device 1000 can utilize any suitable processor 1002 including one or more hardware processors that may be local to the user or non-local to the user or other components of the computing device. The processor 1002 is configured to execute instructions provided to the processor, as described below.

Any suitable memory 1004 can be used for the computing device 1002. The memory 1004 illustrates a type of computer-readable media, namely computer-readable storage media. Computer-readable storage media may include, but is not limited to, nonvolatile, non-transitory, removable, and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information, such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. Examples of computer-readable storage media include RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory, or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (“DVD”) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by a computing device.

Communication methods provide another type of computer readable media; namely communication media. Communication media typically embodies computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave, data signal, or other transport mechanism and include any information delivery media. The terms “modulated data signal,” and “carrier-wave signal” includes a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information, instructions, data, and the like, in the signal. By way of example, communication media includes wired media such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, fiber optics, wave guides, and other wired media and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared, and other wireless media.

The display 1006 can be any suitable display device, such as a monitor, screen, display, or the like, and can include a printer. The input device 1008 can be, for example, a keyboard, mouse, touch screen, track ball, joystick, voice recognition system, or any combination thereof, or the like and can be used by the user to interact with a user interface or clinical effects map.

The electrical stimulation system 1012 can include, for example, a control module 1014 (for example, an implantable pulse generator) and a lead 1016 (for example, the lead illustrated in FIG. 1.) The electrical stimulation system 1012 may communicate with the computing device 1000 through a wired or wireless connection or, alternatively or additionally, a user can provide information between the electrical stimulation system 1012 and the computing device 1000 using a computer-readable medium or by some other mechanism. In some embodiments, the computing device 1000 may include part of the electrical stimulation system.

The methods and systems described herein may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Accordingly, the methods and systems described herein may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects. Systems referenced herein typically include memory and typically include methods for communication with other devices including mobile devices. Methods of communication can include both wired and wireless (e.g., RF, optical, or infrared) communications methods and such methods provide another type of computer readable media; namely communication media. Wired communication can include communication over a twisted pair, coaxial cable, fiber optics, wave guides, or the like, or any combination thereof. Wireless communication can include RF, infrared, acoustic, near field communication, Bluetooth™, or the like, or any combination thereof.

In addition to using the clinical effects map 500 to review previously recorded clinical response information or to enter new clinical response data, the clinical effects map 500 can be used to select electrical stimulation parameters for an electrical stimulation system. The computing device 1000 may present the clinical effects map 500 and user interface 900 allowing the user to select stimulation parameters that can then be provide by the computing device to the control module 1014 of the electrical stimulation system 1012. These stimulation parameters are used to provide electrical stimulation to the patient using the lead 1016.

The above specification, examples, and data provide a description of the manufacture and use of the composition of the invention. Since many embodiments of the invention can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, the invention also resides in the claims hereinafter appended. 

What is claimed as new and desired to be protected by Letters Patent of the United States is:
 1. A computer-implemented method comprising: displaying, by a computer processor and on a display coupled to the computer processor, a two-dimensional representation of an arrangement of electrodes of a lead having one or more segmented electrodes; displaying, by the computer processor and on the display, a three-dimensional clinical effects map having a first axis, a second axis, and a third axis, wherein the first axis is perpendicular to the second and third axes, wherein the first axis and second axis of the clinical effects map correspond to the two-dimensional representation of the arrangement of the electrodes and the third axis represents one of a plurality of stimulation parameters with positions along the third axis corresponding to numerical values of the one of the stimulation parameters; and displaying, by the computer processor and on the display, a plurality of markings on the clinical effects map, wherein each of the markings represents a stimulation instance and is displayed at a position with coordinates along the first axis and second axis corresponding to the electrode used for stimulation in the stimulation instance and a coordinate along the third axis corresponding to the numerical value of the one of the stimulation parameters used for stimulation in the stimulation instance, wherein each marking has a graphical characteristic representing a therapeutic effect or a side-effect resulting from the stimulation instance.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising selecting a one of the markings; and delivering, by the computer processor, electrical stimulation parameters corresponding to the one of the markings to an electrical stimulation system for delivery of electrical stimulation to a patient using the stimulation parameters.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein delivering electrical stimulation parameters comprises delivering, to the electrical stimulation system, an identification of the electrode associated with the one of the markings and the value of the stimulation parameter associated with the one of the markings.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the stimulation parameter to which the third axis corresponds is stimulation amplitude.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the graphical characteristic is selected from color or cross-hatching.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein displaying the plurality of markings comprises displaying the markings with a further graphical characteristic representing a score or rating of the therapeutic effect or the side-effect resulting from the stimulation instance.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the further graphical characteristic is selected from color, shade, intensity, saturation, cross-hatching, or texture.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein displaying the plurality of markings comprises displaying at least one of the markings with a first graphical characteristic representing a first therapeutic effect resulting from the stimulation instance and a second graphical characteristic representing a first side-effect resulting from the stimulation instance.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the first graphical characteristic is associated with a surface of the marking and the second graphical characteristic is associated with a perimeter ring of the marking.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein displaying the plurality of markings comprises displaying a plurality of the markings associated with one of the electrodes of the lead in a column.
 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising selecting a one of the electrodes in the two-dimensional representation and highlighting all of the markings associated with the selected electrode.
 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising displaying, by the computer processor and on the display, a three-dimensional representation of the arrangement of the electrodes of the lead separate from, and simultaneously with, the clinical effects map and two-dimensional representation.
 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising selecting a one of the electrodes in the three-dimensional representation and highlighting all of the markings associated with the selected electrode and highlighting the selected electrode in the two-dimensional representation.
 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising selecting a one of the electrodes in the two-dimensional representation and highlighting all of the markings associated with the selected electrode and highlighting the selected electrode in the three-dimensional representation.
 15. The method of claim 1, further comprising selecting a one of the markings and highlighting the selected one of the markings and the electrode, in the two-dimensional representation, associated with the selected one of the markings.
 16. A system for mapping clinical effects of electrical stimulation, the system comprising: a display; and a computer processor coupled to the display and configured and arranged to perform the following actions: display, on the display, a two-dimensional representation of an arrangement of electrodes of a lead having one or more segmented electrodes; display, on the display, a three-dimensional clinical effects map having a first axis, a second axis, and a third axis, wherein the first axis is perpendicular to the second and third axes, wherein the first axis and second axis of the clinical effects map correspond to the two-dimensional representation of the arrangement of the electrodes and the third axis represents one of a plurality of stimulation parameters with positions along the third axis corresponding to numerical values of the one of the stimulation parameters; and display, on the display, a plurality of markings on the clinical effects map, wherein each of the markings represents a stimulation instance and is displayed at a position with coordinates along the first axis and second axis corresponding to the electrode used for stimulation in the stimulation instance and a coordinate along the third axis corresponding to the numerical value of the one of the stimulation parameters used for stimulation in the stimulation instance, wherein each marking has a graphical characteristic representing a therapeutic effect or a side-effect resulting from the stimulation instance.
 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the actions further comprise receive a selection of a one of the markings; and transmit electrical stimulation parameters corresponding to the one of the markings to an electrical stimulation system for delivery of electrical stimulation to a patient using the stimulation parameters.
 18. The system of claim 16, wherein the actions further comprise display, on the display, a three-dimensional representation of the arrangement of the electrodes of the lead separate from, and simultaneously with, the clinical effects map and two-dimensional representation.
 19. A non-transitory computer-readable medium having processor-executable instructions for mapping clinical effects of electrical stimulation, the processor-executable instructions when installed onto a device enable the device to perform actions, including: display, on a display coupled to the computer processor, a two-dimensional representation of an arrangement of electrodes of a lead having one or more segmented electrodes; display, on the display, a three-dimensional clinical effects map having a first axis, a second axis, and a third axis, wherein the first axis is perpendicular to the second and third axes, wherein the first axis and second axis of the clinical effects map correspond to the two-dimensional representation of the arrangement of the electrodes and the third axis represents one of a plurality of stimulation parameters with positions along the third axis corresponding to numerical values of the one of the stimulation parameters; and display, on the display, a plurality of markings on the clinical effects map, wherein each of the markings represents a stimulation instance and is displayed at a position with coordinates along the first axis and second axis corresponding to the electrode used for stimulation in the stimulation instance and a coordinate along the third axis corresponding to the numerical value of the one of the stimulation parameters used for stimulation in the stimulation instance, wherein each marking has a graphical characteristic representing a therapeutic effect or a side-effect resulting from the stimulation instance.
 20. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 19, wherein the actions further comprise receive a selection of a one of the markings; and transmit electrical stimulation parameters corresponding to the one of the markings to an electrical stimulation system for delivery of electrical stimulation to a patient using the stimulation parameters. 